Credit has all sorts of expression forms in market economy: (1) business standing: It is namely in commodity sale process, an enterprise grants the credit of another enterprise. If the supplier grants production the company, or manufacturing business awards jobber, the credit that jobber grants retail business. (2) consumer credit or individual credence: Produce business, shopkeeper or bank to grant an individual credit namely, use at buying commodity or loan. Be like: When consumer buys car, housing, big durable consumer goods with the installment plan, the bank grants the individual's credit. (3) bank credit: Grant enterprise or individual credit by bank or other finance orgnaization namely, in order to be used at making up for the inadequacy of enterprise or fund of individual battalion transport. If the enterprise is managing the to bank application short term loan in the process. (4) invests credit: Grant the credit of the enterprise by bank or other finance orgnaization namely, in order to be used at buying the large fixed assets such as land, building, equipment; Be like the long term loan that the enterprise applies for to the bank. (5) communal credence: Namely governmental orgnaization is function of the government that finish, and acquisition credence.
Credit has a risk. Alleged credit risk, it is to point to what set in credit concern to trade in the process, trading one party cannot fulfill Fu Chengnuo and create losing possibility to another. If be in tick process, buyer expires not to pay (reimbursement) perhaps expire to pay without ability, cause payment for goods to default or cannot call in etc. The account that produces credit risk has interior and exterior two kinds: Exterior reason includes to trade the trade issue of bilateral generation; Trade companionate client management is bad, insolvent expire debt: Trade the object takes up of purpose company capital: Trade object wait false in cold blood. Internal matter includes what what master to trade the information of the object is not comprehensive, truthless; To trading the credit of the object does not have accurate judgement: To trading the change of object credit lacks understanding; Financial department and sale branch are short of rare effect communicate; Enterprise interior personnel and trade object mutual collude; Did not choose settle accounts means and settle accounts condition correctly: Lax to monitoring of receivable Zhang money: Chase after effectively less to defaulting Zhang money to be short of denounce a measure; The enterprise lacks scientific credit management system to wait. In battalion of already of contemporary look forward to, the client is sacred; The company is the biggest, the most long-term belongings is a client, however the risk with the biggest company also comes from a client, this is credit risk.
　　
2, the connection of sincere letter and credence and distinction
　　
Sincere letter and credence are having close immanent connection:
1. Sincere letter is one of foundations of credit. The formation of company credit has two requirements, it is liquidity; 2 it is countervail debt notes. Only liquidity, without countervail debt apiration, countervail debt notes is impossible good, the society is evaluated to the credence of the enterprise won't tall. The countervail debt apiration that forms countervail debt notes is sincere letter. Accordingly, sincere letter is one of conditions that form company credit, company credit is the important result that says sincere letter.
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